Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business morals - Essay Example The activity would not be right if the outcome included the enduring of the gathering and would be correct if the result was acceptable. This depended on the utilitarianism. The contention put the Newspaper Company on the more secure side if its activities were for its acceptable. The organization paying different gatherings to keep its financial figure from waste could make it right (Mill 1861). The activity would not be right if the outcome included the enduring of the gathering and would be correct if the result was acceptable. This depended on the utilitarianism. The contention put the Newspaper Company on the more secure side if its activities were for its acceptable. The organization paying different gatherings to keep its monetary figure from waste could make it right (Mill 1861). It is additionally contended that the proportion of enduring may decide the case the privilege of equity. This called attention to unmistakably by a scholar of utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham (Singer 1976). In case of the organization trying to keep up its financial position, the outrage will prompt its monetary harm. The editorial manager makes the organization endure socially and financially. In this manner, the contention invigorates the organization a ton of to interest for its remuneration for the lost trust from individuals and decay of its picture around the world. Accordingly, the supervisor is morally off-base because of the burdens caused. Then again, the individuals whose issues have been meddled with will need to make the most of their security. They have been denied their right. The contention of Jeremy Bentham turns into the premise on which the individuals will guarantee their privileges. This will in the long run make the organization and the supervisor at risk for the bothers they have caused to the individuals regardless of the installments made to them by this organization. These may have made the individuals lose their believed clients and will likewise be vi ewed as the individuals who have no legitimate security over their data framework. This shows all the gatherings reserve a privilege to protection. The editorial manager on the hand did the distributing of the data since it was a piece of his work as a representative. As indicated by the ethic obligation, the contention will be founded on his ethical conduct as a representative. His activity was his obligation to execute the obligations as required by his manager and this was being loyal and being straightforward. He was relied upon to watch working environment morals as contended in this hypothesis. Along these lines the proofreader was directly for this situation. Furthermore, Kamm, F.N. (1996) contends that if the intention of the activity was to forestall enduring of gatherings, the activity is morally right (Kamm 1996). The supervisor may have had an enthusiasm to know the constraints and some data about that would prompt the security of others. The hypothesis permits this if t hat is the thought process. The supervisor isn't rebuffed for his activity. The organization needs to shield its representatives and clients from the embarrassment by paying off the concerned gatherings that would meddle with their being. As indicated by the contention, this is morally permitted. In spite of this, utilitarianism says morals will on be acceptable since these brought about the awful end to the gatherings. The leaving of the proofreader structure the work was the result. Additionally as the necessity of the human asset the board, the organization practiced the option to utilize the laborers, the editorial manager for this situation. This has a preferred position to the organization since it has the labor, which is the delight it gets. The utilitarian ethic accordingly contends that the organization is correct basing on the fundamental intension of this gathering which has brought about its

Business Law International Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law International - Research Paper Example This along these lines makes the foundation of completely possessed auxiliary a choice to consider. The legitimate dangers Definitely Maybe will open itself to in the event that it sets out on fare of Chocolates to China Some distinction in law exist among China and UK and this will undoubtedly influence significant territories of business for Definitely Maybe. These regions incorporate tax assessment, import systems, cash dealings, organization dispersion game plans, security of licensed innovation and property rights. It is likewise imperative to comprehend that worldwide laws and guidelines in China could change and this could be applied uniquely in contrast to that of UK. This implies the interests if Definitely Maybe might be undermined if such changes are not amicable to outside undertakings sending out their items or administrations to China. Be that as it may, there is an approach to defeat this potential danger. Probably the most ideal ways is for the business to draft a con striction in a joint effort with a chine legitimate firm to guarantee its inclinations are dealt with (Exim Guru 1). China is extremely touchy while permitting the importation of merchandise that are legitimately devoured by its kin. The legislature is likewise touchy to claims including perilous issues like creation of destructive items. Certainly Maybe is along these lines presenting itself to the danger of being sued for any damage that its chocolates could cause on the Chinese individuals.. In the event that the organization happens to lead business with a client who isn't reliable and the client neglects to pay, the legislature doesn't intercede in any capacity. Likewise, lawful activities for the recuperation of such obligations is frequently costly and even unthinkable. As a result of this hazard, Definitely Maybe should familiarize itself with the kind of law and contest settlement system which the organization will apply. Managing an alternate lawful framework builds the da ngers of a remote organization getting confounded and encountering potential issues emerging out of this. It is likewise qualified to take note of that the organization neglects to illuminate itself on the duties and issues encompassing the arrangement of mediators, for example, wholesaler or operator, it could prompt upsetting legitimate dangers like lawful debates. Such lawful issues are probably going to emerge if the organization neglects to follow the correct strategy while delegating its go-betweens. The organization should in this way acquire a rundown expressing these issues and guarantee they are remembered for its agreement understanding, determining the obligations and privileges of the gatherings in question. The best type of corporate element that is perfect for Ultra-instructors in China It is progressively huge for Ultra-teachers to have entirely claimed auxiliary in China when contrasted with working through other corporate elements like a branch. One of the explanat ion is that this type of corporate substance constrains the obligation of the parent organization in UK as to the exercises of its auxiliary in China. Not at all like having a branch, there is some there is division of lawful corporate characters between the parent organization and its auxiliary (Klein and Coffee 265). Along these lines, the parent organization is protected and can't be sued for the money related and lawful issues of the auxiliary. On the off chance that the organization was to open a branch in China for motivations behind physical nearness, the parent organization will absolutely subject to the legitimate and budgetary liabilities of its branch. This is on the grounds that a branch isn't perceived by Chinese law as an element that is legitimately independent from its parent organization. An entirely possessed subs

Snow(y) Day

Snow(y) Day Right now, Im sitting at home at my dining room table, with a big stack of applications before me. To my right, out the window, I see big, fluffy flakes of snow falling from the sky. I start to think that I could go for a hot cup of cocoa, but I realize we dont have any in the house; I happily settle for some oolong tea. As I think more about the cocoa, Im reminded of the Cocoa tradition of the Fourth East (a.k.a. Slugfest) hall in the East Campus dorm. According to the Slugfest wiki, Every school night (Sunday-Thursday), promptly at 11 pm, one can hear the cacophonic calls of Cocoa! Cocoa! echo through East Campus. Or at least we hope you all can hear us. The idea is for everyone to take a break from Tooling, to come out and join their fellow slugs for a hot mug of cocoa (bring your own mug and spoons, we provide the rest) for a few minutes. Come on, join us and our chocolatey goodness. You know you want to. This was my first time on the Slugfest wiki. I enjoyed reading about the plans to automate the heating of the Cocoa water every night. The cocoa pot will be controlled by a PIC that will also monitor temperature and water level and send data over the 4E Network. The server will calculate the heating time based on the water level and ensure that there is hot water for cocoa every school night. I also enjoyed reading about the invited guests at the Special Cocoa Events, who have included Richard Stallman and software developers from Harmonix (makers of Guitar Hero and Rock Band). But thats enough on cocoa for know; back to the blog entry and my oolong. Some of you called me out on my last entry, when I wrote: It would be hard for me to choose which to attend, if I didnt have to be working on applications right now! Yes, have to be working on applications does sound a little bit like Im complaining, but nothing could be further from the truth. It really is a joy and a privilege to read applications for MIT. One word I would use to describe application reading is inspirational. I find myself continually inspired by all that you have already accomplished, and by all that you aspire to do as your lives progress. For all of the problems that exist in American and global education, reading your applications makes me extremely optimistic about the state of our schools. And for all of the problems that exist in this world, reading your applications makes me extremely optimistic about the future of our planet. As I write this, the entire dedicated team of MIT Admissions Officers is busily reading and evaluating early action applications. Im know all of my colleagues are as inspired by your applications as I am. Regardless of how your admissions process turns out, I know you will have a successful future and make everyone proud. Finally, since today is a snowy day, I wanted to leave you with some of my favorite MIT snow photos from the blog: Snow frisbee in Killian Court, via The Tech. MIT President Susan Hockfield, her daughter Elizabeth, and their golden retriever, Casey, playing in the snow during selection, 2005. Post Tagged #East Campus

The Family And Marriage During The Renaissance - 953 Words

The family and Marriage in the Renaissance A high class family in the Renaissance was one where the father had all the power, the mother was mostly depended on the man, and the children were taken care of by anyone but there parents. In the rich families most of the marriages were arranged for them. The gentlemen of a rich family, for example, usually were educated and never had to do any manual work (Lambert). A man had all the power and was the control over the household, while the women had no say whether they were married or not. In the Renaissance, the man supported his wife and children while the wife stayed home and the children were either educated or later went on to work. The meaning of a marriage was for power, like a battle that could only be won by who own more land than the other.â€Å" In the Early Modern period, marriage was an engagement which could be undertaken in a bewildering variety ways, and the mere definition of it is fraught with difficulties† (Stone 30). There were quite a few difficulties of being in a marriage of this time such as it just being a like contract or forcing someone into it from birth: â€Å"The result was many bastards and many half-siblings, who acted as a reserve for inheritance if the officials male heir failed† (Stone 30). Today it is unacceptable to marry a brother. If we want power, we can go to school, and learn how to change the world ourselves instead of marrying to keep or get power. The rich marriage was a littleShow MoreRelatedThe Reflection of Life During the Renaissance in Literature1601 Words   |  7 PagesLife in the Renaissance has been greatly reflected through the literature of its time. Many authors from this time reflected life in the Renaissance through their works. Several authors who strongly demonstrated this reflection include William Shakespeare, Thomas Elyot, Christopher Marlowe, Walter Raleigh, and Christine de Pizan. They accomplished this by producing various literary works, such as Hamlet, â€Å"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love,† â€Å"The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd,† Le Livre de laRead MoreGender Equality During the Renaissance Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe Renaissance was simply â€Å"the green end of one of civilizations hardest winters† (Robert 10). In other words, catastrophic events swept through Europe such as the black plague, warfare, and starvation causing a high population of death rates. After an era of destitution, the Renaissance was a period of â€Å"rebirth† where individuals could express their intellectual thought through art, science, literature, and education. It’s true that people during that time express humanist ideals of individualRead More Marriage in the Renaissance and Shakespeares As You Like It1507 Words   |  7 PagesMarriage in the Renaissance and As You Like It      Ã‚   The concept of marriage has been considered to be a sacred and traditional part of life since the beginning of relationships between human beings. The rules of these intimate relationships were set up in accordance with church law. Such rules consisted of the conventional/typical marriage and the ritual of marriage (ceremony). William Shakespeare examines the customs of marriage practice of the Renaissance time period in his work As You LikeRead MoreGuido Ruggieros the Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice1551 Words   |  7 Pageseverywhere from TV, to movies, to the internet. One might think that in the early centuries, such disregard for the privacy and dignity of the sexual act never existed. But as we can see in Ruggieros The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice, historical facts beg to differ. By using criminal records, he takes us into a world that, although it is many centuries long ago, is much like todays so ciety in their way of committing sexual crimes and sexual behavior. In my opinion, RuggieroRead MoreEver Wondered What It Would Be Like To Live During The1217 Words   |  5 PagesEver wondered what it would be like to live during the Renaissance? A lot of people wonder the same thing. The term renaissance is derived from the French word meaning â€Å"rebirth. It is used to describe this phase of European history because many of the changes experienced between the 14th and 16th centuries were inspired by a revival of the classical art and intellect of Ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance time period is very different from modern day life in the United States. AlthoughRead MorePower of Women in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay982 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Female sovereignty was uncommon in Renaissance England. The social structure of the family assured the subjugation of woman under man. Daughters remained under the care of their fathers until they were married, at which time they became subject to their husbands authority. Economics ensured the wifes dependence on her husband. Unmarried and widowed women retained far more legal rights than married women, therefore, for a woman, marriage meant the loss of her legal and economic rightsRead MoreThe Treatment of Women during the Renaissance Period644 Words   |  3 Pagesimportant during the renaissance period. Some seem to believe that women had it easier than they do today. Some even believe that they had much more power and independence. If only that were true. Women who showed too much independence, sexual or otherwise, were punished and sometimes even killed (Wiesner 59). Women were made to be seen as saints and remained loyal to one man. During the renaissance period, women went through many hardships and many things were expected of her by her family, as wellRead MoreItalian Renissance and the Reformation Essay example1452 Words   |  6 PagesThe European Renaissanc e was a turning point in the way people saw art, literature, and architecture. These new views soon led to the Reformation, or the reforming of the Catholic Church. These changes led Europe out of the middle ages and into modern times. The Renaissance began after Europe began recovering from the Black Death. Anyone who had survived was just happy to be alive and started focusing more on material things, rather than religious ones. Another reason the focus shifted from religiousRead MoreWomen And Representations Of Women1606 Words   |  7 Pageslives and representations of women in the Florentine Renaissance In Biblical imaginary, the image of woman often originated from the image of Eve. Eve was allured by the devil and impelled Adam to disobey God and eat the forbidden fruit, resulting in their exclusion from the paradise, mortality and hardship in their lives living on Earth. Since then, the female descendants of Eve were held responsible for this loss of paradise. During the Renaissance era, women were oppressed by men because of theRead MoreThe Renaissance Man Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagesno longer defining themselves by their family or occupation into which they were born, rather they were thinking of themselves as individuals with the God-given power to shape their destiny. Such a rebirth of the ideas and energy of ancient Rome became evident and accepted. The people of this time period liked the idea of individualism and of building upon the achievements of the Classical period to achieve a new era of greatness. Therefore, the â€Å"Renaissance Man† came to play a critical role in

This Essay, Will Draw Upon My Own Personal Experiences

This essay, will draw upon my own personal experiences of building a therapeutic relationship using case study of a service user in practice. This will then be analysed and discussed to show the importance of such a relationship using Peplau theoretical framework. It could be argued that therapeutic relationship is at the heart of nursing due to interpersonal approach. This relationship is defined by Peplau (1988, pp9-11) as â€Å"one in which two persons come to know one another well enough to face the problem at hand in a co-operative way. The relationship of nurse to patient can be represented on a continuum; at one end are two individuals with separate goals and interests; at the other end are two persons working together to solve a†¦show more content†¦When first admitted n Ann presents as grossly psychotic, with chaotic thinking and very agitated. She was also detained under section 2 of the Mental Health Act (MHA). Orientation is the first phase of Peplau theoretical framework. This is where the nurse starts to engage the SU in treatment, answer questions and offer explanations. Peplau (1988) also states at this stage we are strangers. Therefore, it is needed to build a rapport before any sort therapeutic relationship can be formed. Doing this will encourage trust and warmth in the relationship, discussing non health related issues can help at this point as this displays warmth and genuine interest in person rather than them merely just being a ‘patient’ (Townsend, 2013). Upon meeting Ann, she displayed low self-esteem often apologizing for herself. At this point to help build rapport it is important to remember Carl Rodgers (1951) principle of unconditional positive regard. Showing Ann positive regard can be done by simply calling her by her name, spending enough and allowing sufficient time for her ask and receive answers to any questions or concerns she may have. Doing this can help the nurse convey respect and dignity towards client and reassure that she will be cared for and helped (Raskin, Rogers, Witty, 2011). At this stage it often useful to set boundaries, as well as explain the roles and what Ann could expect from nursing staff. Setting boundariesShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Command Philosophy Of The United States Air Force1520 Words   |  7 PagesI am Joseph Maruska, I am currently a Major in the United States Air Force. This essay will introduce you to my personal command philosophy. It will also summarize and analyze a brief interview recently conducted with a current squadron commander using my own leadership philosophy as a guide. Throughout this essay I will draw upon my own personal experiences and thoughts, lessons discussed throughout the Leadership and Command Course, as well the discussion with a current squadron commander. Read MoreThe Life and Opinions of Tristam Shandy Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesblah blah†. This concep t can be viewed as personal and individual to one’s self, and is distinguished as an umbrella term to attributes such as; consciousness, heritage, name, appearance, and the soul. As Sterne’s novel Tristram Shandy draws influence from John Locke’s An Essay of Human Understanding, in which Locke discusses the origin of personal identity, the individual identity is evidently reflected within the text. The novel demonstrates Sterne’s interpretation of the personal identity throughRead MoreNegative Effects Of Autobiographical Memory1065 Words   |  5 Pagesconstant experience of negative emotion. This mindset would bias personal experiences, in particular, autobiographical memory. This essay will explore how the negative mood disorder, depression affects autographical memory and the role it plays. The topic was inspired by my own personal experiences with bipolar disorder, and during the depressive episodes I noted that my memory recollection was significant ly worse during these times. Autobiographical memory, for the purposes of this essay, will referRead MoreAnalysis Of Mother Tongue By Amy Tan913 Words   |  4 Pagesnarrative essay, â€Å"Mother Tongue† by Amy Tan, the author sets out the story between her mother, whose English is her second language, and Tan herself can speak native English very well. The essay covers the tonal shift of Amy Tan s psychological change, from grudge to understanding. Although she begins the essay saying, I am not a scholar of English or literature. I cannot give you much more than personal opinions on the English language and its variations in the country or others. The essay usesRead MoreMy Position As A First Year Composition Student1568 Words   |  7 Pageshave a lot to say, I don’t have the skills necessary to say much of anything. At least, this was my position in August of this year, at the start of the semester and at my introduction to college-level writing. For as long as I can remember, I have always been a big proponent of the written word. I have been a lover of books and writing for my entire life, and learned the â€Å"Dos† and â€Å"Don’ts† of writing through my exposure to books. Which is to say, I might be a damn good reader, but good readers don’tRead MoreHow To Be an Active Leaner in a Group Environment 1639 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay aims to highlight the various ways in which to be an active learner in a group environment, I will be doing this by using different theories and relevant experiences of both myself and others. It will specifically focus on the Bandura’s social learning theory and situated learning by Lave and Wenger. The essay itself will consist firstly of a Literature review where I will be using third party sources for support, next there will also be a critical analysis section which will further developRead MoreIn Defense of Darkness Rhetorical Analysis Essay1134 Words   |  5 PagesHolly Wren Spaulding’s essay, â€Å"In Defense of Darkness,† her main claim is that we have fallen away from darkness and immersed ourselves in a society of lightness. Furthermore, she claims this has lead humans to lose touch with basic human emotion as well as the sensual and s piritual experience true darkness has to offer. Spaulding makes this claim evident through exceptional use of personal testimony and copious appeals to value. Spaulding begins her essay with a detailed personal testimony that describesRead MorePublic Health At Campbell University774 Words   |  4 PagesWalking through Louisiana in the middle of summer is no picnic. Not only is the temperature sweltering, but the mosquitos are ferocious. Every year my church sponsors a missionary trip down the Tigre Bayou to vaccinate at risk communities, and to educate population centers about the importance of exercise and diet. Although the United States has some of the best doctors in the world, we have many population centers that have little to no access to medical care, which places them at risk. The healthcareRead MoreSummary Of On Dumpster Diving 1364 Words   |  6 Pagesdropout, published his memoir titled Travels with Lizbeth. Within, an essay titled â€Å"On Dumpster Diving† shares his experiences and how they define his identity. Eighner views identity not solely on his status of a scavenger, but rather on how his experiences shap e his identity and how he acts despite his circumstances. Similarly, as a student, my own identity is not based on my status, but rather on how my behavior is shaped in my situations. The identities of individuals are defined by how theyRead MoreMy Professors Method Of Writing1224 Words   |  5 Pagesto learn my professor’s method of writing, to lap up each rule or ‘best-practice’ suggestion, pen in hand, mind alert. As soon as he began to write on the blackboard, I scribbled away, making sure I didn’t miss anything. Though his suggestions mirrored what I had learned about essay writing before, I made sure to write out his three point plan model, introduction and conclusion, familiarly logical sequences. ‘This is what you’ve always been taught’, said Professor Allister, ‘but in this class, forget

Autism Spectrum Disorders Free Essays

Autism Spectrum Disorders has in the past posed some challenges to the human race with regard to addressing the plight of the victims  Ã‚   . This disorder is a cause of severe pervasive mode of thinking impairment, individual feelings, language problems and an adverse relationship to other people. This disorder is primarily diagnosed at the early stages in childhood and progresses throughout the rest of the life of the affected individual. We will write a custom essay sample on Autism Spectrum Disorders or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a complex disability in the developmental stages of a person brought about by neurological disorder with severe effects on the normal brain functioning. The normal brain development is impacted specifically with regard to the areas responsible for social interaction as well as communication skills. This is a real crisis in the health sector due to the fact that for every 150 children below the age of eight years, one of them is a victim of this disorder (Uta, 1991). Social welfare history In this society, autistic and families with autistic children were initially faced with three typical challenges namely lack of financial, emotional and educational support. The families of the children who are victims of autistic disorder were confronted by tremendous financial as well as emotional burdens they also receive little support with regard to the education of these children. The families have therefore to endure a significant financial burden relative to the families with upright children. This arises from the requirement of cutting down the schedules of work or an entire quitting of the job due to the requirement of the duty of caring for these children (Charles, 1992). Further more, there is a very high chance that the families of the children with ASD are prone to delayed or even unattended health-care requirements of their children. They are exposed to insufficiencies and obstacles with regard to the access of the medical care needed by their children. According to Anthony, no difference was noted with regard too the access to usual care, a nurse or a personal provider in normal circumstances. However on the emergency of a special problem for autistic children families, the primary contact point becomes beyond reach and the access to referrals is denied (Anthony, 1998). These families are therefore subjected to particularly enormous as well as stressful emotional situations and financial demands. To complicate the matter, majority of the insurance firms are adamant when it comes to the coverage of the demands of an autistic child. This is because of their perception of the situation as being a form of developmental disorder rather than a disease. It therefore applies that the parents of these children are required to pay large amounts of money from their pocket to access the services of occupation therapy and the speech therapy for their children. The education of the autistic children is also faced with a milliard of problems because the schools are ready to offer a half day session for these children. Therefore the majority of the parents of autistic children opt that they stay at home altogether (Simon, 1995). The history of this disorder dates back to around 1911 in Swiss. ‘Early infantile autism’ was later coined in 1943 with the much milder Asperger syndrome coming much later. These are the disorders that were put under the description of the five pervasive types of developmental disorders which are currently termed as the autism spectrum disorders, i.e., ASD (Judy Sean, 1993). How to cite Autism Spectrum Disorders, Papers

Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness Essay Example

Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness Paper The beginning of this scene is set with Orsino in his house, looking very grand yet depressed, with his servants Curio and Cesario. Orsino asks his servant Curio to bring Feste, Olivias clown to him. Curio exits. Orsino carries on with his general chatter about Olivia to Cesario. He goes on to ask if Cesario is in love. Cesario replies by describing Orsino but in a ladys form. Curio and Feste enter. Orsino orders Feste to sing the song he had sung the night before because it had made him happy. Feste then sings the song, which was about love. As soon as Feste has finished, Orsino decides that he has had enough of him and tries to get rid of him by paying him. After a short conversation, Feste takes the money and exits. Cesario tries to find out if Orsino could ever love anyone else apart from Olivia. Orsino replies by saying that no one could have such a great love for anyone as he has for Olivia. Cesario tells Orsino about his sister who died of not telling the man she loved what she felt for him. On this note, Orsino tells Cesario to go to Olivia and give her a jewel as a token of his great love for her. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night conveys an undertone of sadness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cesario exits. Twelfth Night is funny to a contemporary audience because they can see that Cesario is really a woman (Viola) and that there is a love triangle between Viola-Orsino-Olivia-Cesario (Viola). This is Dramatic irony because the audience can see the love triangle. They can also observe that Orsino is besotted with Olivia and that he over expresses his love for her. Orsino also acts very effeminately by looking in mirror every 5minutes (he is also extremely vain) and by having very feminine colours all over his house. They can follow Feste s jokes well and find them funny. It is also sad to a contemporary audience because they can see Violas heart breaking over the loss of her brother and her unrequited love for Orsino. Over the loss of her brother because he had never been parted from him like that before. In loving Orsino, because she thinks that he could never love anyone apart from Olivia. In addition, she cannot reveal her identity to Orsino. Twelfth Night is funny to a pre 21st century audience because they can see the love triangle between Viola-Orsino-Olivia-Cesario (Viola) and because they know, that Cesario is a woman but played by a man. They follow Feste s jokes well and find them funny. Orsino will seem less funny to a 21st century audience because it is more common for men to act very effeminate in the 21st century. It is sad to a pre 21st century audience because they can see the heartbreak of Viola in her feelings towards Orsino and how she cannot reveal her true identity. If I were to present the play, it would be set in modern times because you can show the different costumes and be theatrical with them because people in this era do what they want with their clothes. You can express your emotions through this. The scene would be set with Orsino sitting on an aristocratic red and gold throne. I would try to make the set look like an old and classy house, with pictures and sumptuous drapes all over the set. I have chosen this because it shows how overdramatic Orsino can be. There would be red and gold all over the set because these colours are often associated with love and Valentines Day. Little details of props like a mirror and pictures of Orsino are important because they show that Orsino is vain and that he loves himself. There should be at least one servant on the stage all the time. This is to show that Orsino is very high up on the social ladder. All of these would show Orsino s character fully because of his feelings towards love. During the lines About your years my lord ~ Cesario Too old by heaven. Let the woman still take an elder than herself. ~ Orsino Shakespeare wanted this moment in the play to be intense for Cesario because of whom hes describing (Orsino). I would show this through his movements on stage. Cesario needs to be walking around thinking what to say but still needs to be quite close to Orsino. Orsino needs to be sitting very majestically on his seat until he says the line Too old by heaven. He should stand up and walk around a bit, holding himself tall. This expresses his opinion on the matter. Shakespeare puts in the line Too old by heaven to show that Orsino has his say in everything and that his opinion should count on every matter. The spotlight should be on both Cesario and Orsino at all times, the same spotlight. As they move further apart the spotlight should separate and they should have a spotlight each. This should happen because they are having a conversation. It would be different if one of the characters were giving a speech. When Cesario says About your years my lord he should say it as if he was thinking what to say, this should remind the audience that Cesario is hiding his real identity from Orsino. When Orsino says Too old by heaven, his voice should go high and shrill. Then when he carries on saying, Let still the woman take an elder than herself his voice should back to normal and talk as if he is giving Cesario some advice. During this line Truly, Sir, and pleasure will be paid for one time or another. ~ Feste Feste needs to be stood up and ready to take a bow. And after the quote he should walk backwards still in a bow. The spotlight should be on Orsino and Feste during this quote because Feste is speaking but Orsino is listening. This shows who the quote is aimed at and that theres a conversation going on between the two characters. Shakespeare wanted this moment to be quite cheeky and a male joke I would show this by the characters tone of voice. When Feste says Truly, Sir, he should say it in a very cheeky voice. But when he carries on saying and pleasure will be paid for one way or another. He should say this as though he is very masculine. And still in a very cheeky voice. During this line Thy mind is very opal. ~ Feste. Feste needs to be heading for the door before he says this line. Then when he gets to the door he needs to call out his line out. The spotlight needs to be on Feste all the time while saying this line and while he exits. Shakespeare wanted the mood at this moment to be comical yet serious and I would make this happen by the tone of Feste s voice. When Feste says, Thy mind is a very opal he needs to say it in a very low and disapproving voice to show that he thinks that Orsino changes his mind too often. His voice should also sound annoyed yet clever to show he is fast because the audience need to remember that Feste can be serious and clever even though hes the fool. During this line, She never told her love. But let concealment, like a worm in th bud, Feed on her damask cheek. She pind in thought. ~ Cesario. Cesario needs to have a sad expression on his face and look concerned about this little story. He needs to be stood up and staring into the sky and then come back down to earth when he has finished his lines. Shakespeare intended this moment to be like story time I would enhance this through the lighting. The spotlight needs to be on both Orsino and Cesario because Cesario is the storyteller and Orsino is the listener. It shows the connection between the two characters. Although there should be a brighter spotlight on Cesario. To show who is talking. Cesario needs to sound like he is quite upset about the whole story and to be quite interested about what Orsino s reply will be. During this line, I am all the daughters of my fathers house, And all the brothers too - ~ Cesario Cesario needs to be looking quite suspicious because although hes not making much sense he only just adds And all the brothers too - at the end of the quote. Cesario needs to have his back to Orsino when he says, I am all the daughters of my fathers house, And then swing round to face Orsino when he says And all the brothers too - to face his mistake. The spotlight still needs to be on both Orsino and Cesario. However, the spotlights need to be dull to show the mood of the moment is sad. This is what Shakespeare intended. Cesario needs to be speaking his line I am all the daughters of my fathers house, with sadness in his voice and a dull expression on his face. When he says his line And all the brothers too - he needs to say it like it is obvious to him. During this line, Give her this jewel: say My love can give no place, bide no delay. ~ Orsino Shakespeare intended this moment to be the definite end of the scene I would enhance this by the characters actions during this moment. Orsino needs to be pulling a ring off his finger to give to Cesario. Cesario needs to respond by putting his hand out to take the ring to Olivia. Orsino needs to be rushing to do this act and to get Cesario out of the door to see Olivia. After this line, Orsino should stand up from his seat, and then go to the door with Cesario and see that he leaves the grounds towards Olivias house. The spotlight needs to be on both Orsino and Cesario as they move throughout this quote. Then as Cesario leaves the spotlight should break. There should not be a spotlight on Cesario at this point. Only one on Orsino. Orsino s voice should sound as though this errand was very urgent and that it should be done right away. This is because after hearing the story he thinks that he might come to an end like Cesarios sister. Dramatic Irony is used in this play because this is what makes it entertaining. You know things that the characters do not. It makes you feel that you are keeping the secret from the characters, so you want people to know but you cannot tell them. Shakespeare uses dramatic irony, many metaphors and similes to make Twelfth Night a comedy which people from all eras of time will enjoy.

Advantages Of Using A Safe Box Information Technology Essay Essay Example

Advantages Of Using A Safe Box Information Technology Essay Essay Example Advantages Of Using A Safe Box Information Technology Essay Essay Advantages Of Using A Safe Box Information Technology Essay Essay Artificial intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the subdivision of computing machine scientific discipline that aims to make it. AI textbooks specify the field as the survey and design of intelligent agents where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximise its opportunities of success. John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines it as the scientific discipline and technology of doing intelligent machines. AI research is extremely proficient and specialised, profoundly divided into subfields that frequently fail to pass on with each other. Subfields have grown up around peculiar establishments, the work of single research workers, the solution of specific jobs, longstanding differences of sentiment about how AI should be done and the application of widely differing tools. The cardinal jobs of AI include such traits as logical thinking, cognition, planning, acquisition, communicating, perceptual experience and th e ability to travel and pull strings objects. General intelligence ( or strong AI ) is still among the field s long term ends. For this assignment, our group will give an illustration of unreal intelligent system which is safe box. Safety box can besides be defined as safe box, electronic box, and biometric lock circuit or security box. Every householder has certain paperss, money, and household hoarded wealth that they want to maintain safe and secure within their ain place. But non every place will be able to maintain their hoarded wealth safe and non hold to worry about losing a key or burying a combination. A security box can assist maintain your valuables safe from fire and H2O. Our security boxes come in different sizes and give you a assortment of characteristics to take from such as transporting grips, cardinal locks or digital locks, froth tablets and security overseas telegrams ; every bit good as being fireproof, rainproof or mountable. Security boxes are great for hive awaying paperss, jewelry, hard currency, laptops, passports, little guns and more. It have LCD, fingerprint ID lock watchword loc k Control panels circuit board Electronic, digital, cardinal pin, card swipe, biometric, locks for safes, high quality and lowest monetary value. You can open by fingerprint, numeral codification or key. Safe box is uses high-capacity fingerprint acknowledgment detectors for fast and accurate confirmation. Merchandise Class: Biometric Solutions Model VIRDI Fingerprint Safe200 ( Fingerprint + Password+ Key ) 45KG Hand Punch Time and Attendance RF ID Lockers Problem Statement What will go on if safe box does non be in our life? John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1956, defines unreal intelligence it as the scientific discipline and technology of doing intelligent machines. Before the unreal intelligence system was set up there are many offense which happen most of the clip, the ground that we ever hear is the people involve more in offense like nerving, rob, putting to death, and etc. Because non holding the safe box, some of the people besides will frighten to maintain their expensive thing at place because they think it is non safe, so they will be have oning them when they go out. But in this state of affairs, it may pull the stealer when they see a individual who have oning with an expensive thing likes jewelries. When the stealers can non acquire entree to procure belongingss, there is a opportunity to allow the stealers will stalk and assail the belongings proprietor to derive entree. If the point is secured with a biometric device, the harm to the proprietor could be irreversible, and potentially cost more than the secured belongings. So it may do the people insecure if there is non holding a safe box. Other than that, the job that we ever face before the safety box is exist in our life is when we planned to travel for a vacation or even went out for a piece to the market the first things came cross our head is, is my material is save if I leave the house? Where we traveling to conceal our things? Can we swear our neighbors? What if natural catastrophe happens? Example like inundation, fire, tsunami, or possibly earth temblor and some accident could be happen. What we suppose make to? All this is the inquiry that ever cross in everyone head, this will be go oning if safe box does non be in our life. Furthermore, if safe box does non be in our life, People use to maintain their valuable material inside the closet, herder, under the bed and some even merely purchase a wooden box and a key-lock to maintain the things indoors. Another job that we ever worry about is the per centum of holding broken by larceny or being rob is about 90 per centum non every twelvemonth or every month but about every twenty-four hours. When this happen people scared to go forth their house and some even take the hazard to convey their valuable material together where of all time they go. Besides, since this safety box is a high-end merchandise which applied high engineering, the monetary value might be excessively expensive and it is non low-cost by most of the household. No safe box may do the unaffordable household to set their of import papers or expensive thing at place. In add-on, this fingerprint safety box might be excessively sensitive and sometimes could non observe the injured, sudating or soiled fingerprint. If the mechanical key is merely kept by the proprietor, so there will be no other can open the safety box when there is an exigency. If you ever change the watchword it will do you confused with the watchword you have change or you might retrieve your old watchword. Some of the job is when you meet with accident, it can be route accident, it besides can be at your work topographic point particularly when the accident impact your fingerprint, it will take to difficulty to open the box and one job have non work out another one is coming. So, can see it there are a batch of job if we no holding a safe box. Since the universe has been upgrade the engineering has discover one time of the save manner to maintain things which they have design, trial, make a comparing and produce from a batch of stuff. They eventually found the most suited stuff which is metal, safe box. Description: Degree centigrade: UsersUserDownloadsimages ( 4 ) .jpg Advantages There are a batch of advantages of this fingerprint safety box. Safe box provides you with sleek, safe A ; convenient storage for anything better than maintain your material in a herder or even put it under your mattress. For illustration, hoarded wealth, money, of import papers and any of import thing because the safe box is no easy to open without the key, watchword, and fingerprint. If user s incorrect action causes lock failure or lost cardinal, he or she can seek to verify it with fingerprint. So even the users forgot the watchword, or lost the key, he or she besides can open the safe box with his or her fingerprint. In add-on, its heavy weight is besides a benefit as it is non easy to be stolen by any stealer. The dismay system besides seen as a powerful defends for avoids the stealer force to open it. Furthermore, its compact size allows you to hive away your valuables in tight infinites or even while going. The high engineering of this safe box enable the proprietor to minim ise the clip of opening safety box by merely a finger touch on the scanner on the safety box, it will be automatically opened. This is one of the unreal intelligence parts of this safety box, thumbprint. Besides, it is about impossible for a stealer or other individual beside the proprietor himself to open the safety box and acquire the valuable things in the safety box. In add-on, watchwords can be cracked and locks can be picked, but it is a batch more hard to forge a fingerprint, the stealer must acquire the proprietor s fingerprint, watchword, and key, are highly impossible. The proprietor could merely manus over the mechanical key which is a trim key of the safety box that can open it without the fingerprint and watchword to person trusted to maintain it as for exigency usage. Following, utilizing this safe box does non necessitate us to wait because the door will open within a 2nd automatically when it accepts and acknowledge your fingerprint, your watchword and key. Safety box is non like computing machine where it requires excess hardware and package. It is easy and safely used by kids, pupils, and handicapped people at any topographic point for case, around the schools, infi rmaries and busy concern environments. This box besides can be used carried to both indoor and out-of-door with reversible grip. Another benefit of utilizing this box is locks can non be manipulated or bypassed. Each finger is alone with ain type. It excessively provides automatic dismay system as if the safe is non closed decently, the low battery warning dismay which will alarm us to be more careful will work. Pry cogent evidence physique and carpeted inside of the safe box besides give protect your of import points from any harm. These particular surface interventions for both inside and outside brand satisfying designs for places. Last, A interlocks with direction package ( VIRDI Audit Viewer ) to pull off safe entree history and timer apparatus for transparent and efficient usage of safe. However, some might questioned what would go on if the proprietor is in exigency but could non make the safety box in clip. Description: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bestonsafe.com/uppics/2010614112481704.jpg Specification The specificationsA of safe box are that it is a safe box which holding the fingerprint system and mechanical key system and watchword system which with 12 keys numeral computer keyboard and the protection dismay system. It besides a safe box that advanced arithmetic optimizes image direction and alone fingerprint acknowledgment engineering. This safe box can verify with the fingerprint system and watchword system and mechanical key. If fail to unlock withA fingerprint, you could utilize mechanical key and watchword system for exigency. Pull offing fingerprint automatically, the fingerprint will be saved when near the door, and cleared when open the door automatically, really convenient for usage, and low-tension dismay. Emergency dismay Buzzer and illuming led when it forced opening door, clip to replace by new battery Buzzer when it is input incorrect watchword over 4 times ( no working for 30 2nd ) . It besides supports external power. It has stainless steel organic structure. The safe box look intoing control history can ( up to max 5,000 ) . The stuff and the lock type of safe box are the solid steel and the electronic. It holding 240mm ( W ) A- 335mm ( H ) A- 242mm ( D ) of internal dimensions and 360mm ( W ) A- 455mm ( H ) A- 370mm ( D ) of external measurings. The mass ( kg/Lbs. ) and capacity ( three-dimensional pess ) of safe box are 55kg/99Lbs and 0.69cubic pess. The false credence rate is lower than 0.0001 % FRR and the false rejection rate besides lower than 0.01 % . This Safe box merely can be located in -10 to 55celcius degree topographic points. It is utilizing the USB overseas telegram with Audit Viewer package and the system power supply is 4AA ( battery ) 6V. The safe box owns 16 difference types of coloring material. This safe box enables to look into opening A ; shutting informations and history, and the informations through separate users fingerprint. It besides has 32bit RISC, 80 Template Capacity, 5000 Log Stored, 2 LED A ; Buzzeer. The battery operated about for 15months. Description: hypertext transfer protocol: //img.alibaba.com/img/imagerepos/se/cu/securitack/1251892788578jpg.jpg Description: hypertext transfer protocol: //img.alibaba.com/img/imagerepos/se/cu/securitack/1251942821341jpg.jpg Measurement: 200*420*370mm, Width of organic structure: 1.3mm, Width of door: 6mm, Net weight: 10kgs Description: hypertext transfer protocol: //img.alibaba.com/img/imagerepos/se/cu/securitack/1251942821310jpg.jpg. Description: hypertext transfer protocol: //img.alibaba.com/img/imagerepos/se/cu/securitack/1251942821327jpg.jpg Decision Safe box is a security box and type of unreal intelligence system which will supply human being with smooth, safe A ; convenient storage for anything such as of import paperss, hoarded wealth, money, and any of import thing because the safe box is no easy to open without the key, watchword, and fingerprint. It is expedient to utilize as it does non necessitate users to transport particular tools for confirmation. Besides, interlocks with direction package ( VIRDI Audit Viewer ) to pull off safe entree history and timer apparatus for transparent and efficient usage of safe. Furthermore, strong anti-fire capacity that passed the two-hour anti-fire cheque of the Korea Institute of Construction Technology. It excessively make available automatic dismay system as if the safe is non closed decently, the low battery warning dismay which will alarm us to be more cautious will work. It is about impossible for a stealer or other individual beside the proprietor himself to open the safety box and acquire the cherished materials in the safety box. Safe Boxs are great for all people unreplaceable points of worth.

A Timeline of the European Union

A Timeline of the European Union Follow this timeline to learn about the series of steps over decades that led to the creation of the European Union. Pre-1950 1923: Pan European Union society formed; supporters include Konrad Adenauer and Georges Pompidou, later leaders of Germany and France.1942: Charles de Gaulle calls for a union.1945: World War II ends; Europe is left divided and damaged.1946: European Union of Federalists forms to campaign for a United States of Europe.September 1946: Churchill calls for a United States of Europe based around France and Germany to increase the chance of peace.January 1948: Benelux Customs Union formed by Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands.1948: Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) created to organize the Marshall Plan; some argue this is not unified enough.April 1949: NATO forms.May 1949: Council of Europe formed to discuss closer co-operation. 1950s May 1950: Schuman Declaration (named after the French Foreign Minister) proposes French and German coal and steel communities.April 19, 1951: European Coal and Steel Community Treaty signed by Germany, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Netherlands.May 1952: European Defence Community (EDC) Treaty.August 1954: France rejects the EDC treaty.March 25, 1957: Treaties of Rome signed: creates Common Market / European Economic Community (EEC) and European Atomic Energy Community.January 1, 1958: Treaties of Rome come into effect. 1960s 1961: Britain tries to join the EEC but is rejected.January 1963: Franco-German Treaty of Friendship; they agree to work together on many policy issues.January 1966: Luxembourg Compromise gives majority vote on some issues, but leaves national veto on key areas.July 1, 1968: Full customs union created in the EEC, ahead of schedule.1967: British application again rejected.December 1969: Hague summit to â€Å"relaunch† the Community, attended by heads of state. 1970s 1970: Werner Report argues economic and monetary union possible by 1980.April 1970: Agreement for EEC to raise own funds through levies and customs duties.October 1972: Paris Summit agrees on plans for the future, including economic and monetary union and ERDF fund to support depressed regions.January 1973: UK, Ireland, and Denmark join.March 1975: First meeting of the European Council, where heads of state gather to discuss events.1979: First direct elections to European Parliament.March 1979: Agreement to create the European Monetary System. 1980s 1981: Greece joins.February 1984: Draft Treaty on European Union produced.December 1985: Single European Act agreed; takes two years to ratify.1986: Portugal and Spain join.July 1, 1987: Single European Act comes into effect. 1990s February 1992: Maastricht Treaty / Treaty on European Union signed.1993: Single Market begins.November 1, 1993: Maastricht Treaty comes into effect.January 1, 1995: Austria, Finland, and Sweden join.1995: Decision taken to introduce the single currency, the Euro.October 2, 1997: Treaty of Amsterdam makes minor changes.January 1, 1999: Euro introduced in eleven counties.May 1, 1999: Treaty of Amsterdam comes into effect. 2000s 2001: Treaty of Nice signed; extends majority voting.2002: Old currencies were withdrawn, ‘Euro’ becomes the sole currency in the majority of EU; Convention on the Future of Europe created to draw up a constitution for larger EU.February 1, 2003: Treaty of Nice comes into effect.2004: Draft constitution signed.May 1, 2004: Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovak Republic, Czech Republic, Slovenia join.2005: Draft constitution rejected by voters in France and the Netherlands.2007: Lisbon Treaty signed, this modified the constitution until it was deemed a sufficient compromise; Bulgaria and Romania join.June 2008: Irish voters reject the Lisbon Treaty.October 2009: Irish voters accept the Lisbon Treaty.December 1, 2009: Lisbon Treaty comes into effect.2013: Croatia joins.2016: United Kingdom votes to leave.

THELMA AND LOUISE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

THELMA AND LOUISE - Essay Example There are many things that can be taken from this memorable film, and the characters including how they are portrayed make the whole picture seamless. The issue of sexuality is the main foundation of the story. From the beginning we are introduced to the two main characters that represent different sides of the spectrum. We see Louise, a waitress, who is characterized as a modern woman who takes charge. She is confident in her job, smokes and drives a convertible muscle car nonetheless. She seems to live alone without a family despite her marrying age and all we know at first are passive references to a boyfriend. Then we see Thelma who perceptibly struggles in her day-to-day living with an abusive husband but without a child to care for. Thelma labors on the kitchen when Louise calls her about the out of town trip that she wants them to take. The latter was finally able to coerce her into going despite Darryl, her husband, unwilling to let her go based on his inherent proclivity to shelter her and prevent her from doing just about anything. The characters are shaped from the start of the film and their transformation is as interesting as it is revealing. Thelma’s changes were significant to the progression of the plot. To describe it in Louise’s own words, she had always been â€Å"sedated† from her life as a housewife and having to live with her husband. Prompted on Louise’s promise of fun on their road trip, Thelma’s loosening was taken to a whole new ground when they went to a bar which started the whole predicament. Having had too much to drink, Harlan, a too friendly guy took advantage and tried to rape her before Louise steps in to prevent his devious motive. Instigated by the arrogance of the man, Louise pulls the trigger and kills him. From here we watch as the two friends try to come up with a solution to evade their problems. Louise comes out as the problem solver as she had always been between the two of them, and struggles to pull herself together for both of them. She had been the stronger character up until J.D. shows up and steals their money which was their last remaining chance to get out for a clean break to Mexico. Suddenly, something changes on Thelma and she takes the foreground by robbing a convenience store with ease and composure. The criminal propensity is right within her all along and from â€Å"sedated† to â€Å"disturbed† she became just downright â€Å"crazy,† as Louise puts it. Thelma quips, â€Å"Oh man! You wouldn'ta believed it, it was like I was doing it all my life, nobody woulda believed it† (Thelma & Louise). The subdued housewife became the criminal mind who single-handedly robbed a store, thought of and carried out locking a policeman in the trunk of a police car. She had even deliberately thought it through by firing to create breathing holes, and was able to get comfortable with a gun she never wanted to handle in the first place and managed to blow up an entire truck. The repressed housewife, in a matter of days, let go of her morals and all the connotations of the abiding wife she had been expected to be. Louise is the other equally captivating character of the movie. The background of her story is the binding force behind her actions. What exactly happened in Texas

Contradictions and the Legitimacy of Law in Early American History Essay

Contradictions and the Legitimacy of Law in Early American History - Essay Example This indignity suffered by black slaves are shown here in an example of runaway slave advertisement: April 23, 1738. RAN away from the Subscriber in Lancaster County, the 17th Instant, a dark Mullatto Fellow, named Will: He is a lusty, well-set Fellow, aged about 42 years; he is pretty much Pock-fretten, and has a Lump on the hind Part of One of his Legs, near his Heel. He wore a Man's Cloth Jacket, a Pair of brown Cotton Breeches, and an Ozenbrig Shirt, he carried with him, a white Fustian Jacket, a lopping Ax, and a fiddle: He is a Carpenter, Sawyer, Shoemaker, and Cooper. Whoever will apprehend the said Slave, or give Intelligence so that he may be had again, shall be sufficiently rewarded, besides what the Law allows, paid by James Ball. Unfortunately for the escaped slave did not just enjoy the freedom from their oppression, the laws of the day also allowed for their capture. It had gotten to the point in the American slavery period that the slave owners convinced enough members of the senate and governing bodies to enact a new law that would have anyone who did not capture a slave when they had the opportunity to be charged with a fine of $1,000. Written into the United States Constitution, the Thirteenth Amendment makes involuntary servitude illegal under any US jurisdiction whether at the hands of the US government or in the private sphere, except as punishment for a crime: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." With this amendment written into the United States Constitution, Amendment XIII effectively abolished slavery and, with the exception of allowing punishments for crimes, prohibits involuntary servitude. The article states: Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. (United States Constitution Amendment XIII, 1869) President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 was a prelude to the Thirteenth Amendment being written into the Constitution as the Emancipation Proclamation had only at the time applied to the slaves that were being held in areas of the country were in rebellion against the north, or what was known as the United States of that time during the time of Proclamation. In the areas that were controlled by the Union, or the south, the slaves were not freed until this amendment took effect. In the present day, the Supreme Court has ruled that the only situations where the Thirteenth Amendment cannot be applied as a violation is in the cases of mandatory military service and within methods used for involuntary servitude by convicted criminals in such instances of a "chain gang" unless they are ruled cruel and unusual punishment methods. The Thirteenth Amendment also prohibits specific performance as a judicial remedy for violations of contracts for personal services such as employment

Superstructure In Marxist Cultural Theory

Superstructure In Marxist Cultural Theory The oft-cited passage from Marxs preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy in which he states that the economic structure, or base, of society is its real basis, on which arises a legal and political superstructure (source); contains perhaps the most contentious aspects of Marxist theory. The implicit ideas within these few sentences concerning the relationship between the base and the superstructure have excited scrupulous analysis and fervent debate from within the Marxist school of thought and by critics and opponents alike. The passage proclaims that it is upon the economic base that all other institutions, norms and practises are constructed. This perception was confronted by those who suggested that the base and the superstructure were best interpreted as having a reciprocal, dialectical relationship in which the base conditions the superstructure but is in turn affected by it. The metaphor was insufficient for later Marxists, such as Gramsci and Lukacs, wh o represent a shift away from the rigid dichotomy of the classical position by placing focus on the realm of the superstructure through concepts such as hegemony and totality. Further still, there were those who proposed a functional reading of base and superstructure (Cohen). Throughout this narrative, the problems with the relative understanding of base and superstructure have been consistently exposed, either by those who attempt to navigate around them through reformulation, or by those who suggest that they cause the metaphor to collapse. Most notably, the notion that the base determines the superstructure is particularly troubling for many critics. There has been a persistent effort to suggest that the relationship between the base and the superstructure involves an element of economic determinism, which represents the most significant problem due to its simplicity. A second problem is the difficulty of separating the base from the superstructure, and defining what constitutes the relations of production. It is the purpose of this essay to make two assertions. The first is that the troubling cause and effect logic is stubbornly common to all formulations of the model, making both practical and analytical application indefensible. The second uses this as the basis for the suggestion that Marxian claims concerning the relationship between base and superstructure are reductionist and that a multi-dimensional approach that respects ideas of complexity would be preferable. According to Marx, in any given historical epoch men collectively organise to produce the goods and amenities that will ensure their survival. In doing this they enter into class-based social relations independently of their will. The economic base is comprised of the sum total of these socioeconomic relations, termed as the relations of production. The base corresponds, or is conditioned by, the forces of production which we may define as the means at the disposal of the actors involved in said relations. Since the cultural and political superstructure arises upon the economic base, it is therefore the historically specific mode of production that determines and characterises the rest of society social, cultural and political processes, ideas, institutions and so on. As the forces of production advance, through technological innovation for example, strain is placed upon the relations of production. Eventually the base is forced to change and since all other aspects of society are d etermined by the base, the superstructure must accommodate this change through change of its own. The superstructure is said to normalise the antagonism inherent within the class-based social relations since they are expressed through political and legal means, thus preventing the masses from recognising the oppression and exploitation that they are subjected to. This conception is the basis for the wider perspective of cultural materialism, which itself is part of Marxs theory of historical materialism. To quote Plamenatz, If the Marxian theory is to be called materialist, it is because it asserts that it is how men produce what satisfies their needs, which determines the general character of the moral, political and legal order p. 277 It is the suspect way in which Marx states not only that but how (Antonio Gramsci Beyond Marxism and Post-Modernism) base and superstructure are related which shall be the main focus of this essay. Before the problems with the relationship are discussed, it is relevant to briefly outline why such an endeavour is of importance, in light of the argument that the spatial image is a convenient way of discussing society from a methodological and analytical point of view; it is not meant to represent the actual complexity of the real world. (Jakabwski, 1976 quoted in Gramsci new introduction) Whilst it is fair to claim that the base and superstructure metaphor can be a useful analytical tool; it also seems fair to suggest that the validity of the model should be rigorously examined against the complexities of reality. It is only by defining the limits of the metaphor that we can know its ability to shed light on relationships between social phenomena, as Marx claims it can. A central issue of the debate surrounding base and superstructure is what our understanding of determination should be. The inescapable criticism that the base and superstructure metaphor reduces cultural theory to a linear form of economic determinism was prevalent from its very inception (olssen), and I would argue that the persistent, simplistic economic determinist logic is a major problem with the base and superstructure relationship. To focus first on the language of Marxs passage, Marx and Engels could have used moderate terminology to merely suggest that there is a relation between production and social activity. However, as Plamenatz notes, Marx and Engels clearly felt it important to say, as they did so repeatedly, that the character of production determines social life. This is characteristic of much of Marxist theory. That history follows a determinable path in which the changes and developments of society can essentially be predicted is a common theme. There is however m uch rhetoric from both Marx and Engels to defend their position by acknowledging that quote from Gramsci that superstructure influences base). As such most modern scholars do not accept such a determinist perspective. Raymond Williams for example, describes it as being the simplest and most basic understanding of the relationship. (source) It may therefore be contentious to state that Marx was strong in his conviction that there is a specifically determined relationship between base and superstructure in its simplest (Williams) form, since he and Engels both expressed ideas to the contrary (source). However what is clear is the primary status of the base (which is also reflected by the centrality of economics in much of the Marxist canon) and the implication of the secondary or subjugated status of the superstructure. Whether or not Marx intended to allow for the idea of reciprocal influence, it is clear that the metaphor tended ultimately to posit primary or first causes in histori cal motion, which would relegate the rest to a secondary, accidental, contingent, dependent status. (Antonio Gramsci Beyond Marxism and Post-Modernism) It is from this that we may confidently argue that the position of classical Marxism is that which favours economic determinism to a significant enough extent to be subject to scrutiny, despite the neo-Marxist claim that economic determinism is not the intended understanding of the base and superstructure concept. The interpretation of determination between base and superstructure as being reciprocal is a common departure from the simple notion of prefiguration, prediction and control. (Williams) Althusser speaks of the relative autonomy and reciprocal action of the superstructure. (Althusser, cited in Lapsley Westlake 1988: 5) The notion that areas in the superstructure can be relatively distant from the base, and retain a relative autonomy from economic determination is the key feature of the Althusserian understanding of base and superstructure. Shifting emphasis away from the base allows for the interpretation that it is in fact not the economic base that is the basis for society but the superstructure, which exercises autonomous influence, in that it exerts pressures on its own terms. In spite of this, to remain true in part to Marxs original thought, Althusser downgrades the concept of autonomy by stating that there is determination in the last instance by the economy. Hall, influenced by Althusser, cites the variety of language in Marxs description of base and superstructure in The German Ideology which varies from connected with to created by and in its action as to suggest that the relationship between economic and non-economic activities need to be seen as interactive and circular. Williams exertion of pressures. Reformulations of the spatial metaphor such as those outlined above are curious in that they seek to account for variety within the superstructure by assigning the idea of autonomy, yet then retrace their steps in a contrived effort to remain true to the original Marxist doctrine. Althusser, Hall and Williams all nod to the complexity of the superstructure and either explicitly or implicitly acknowledge that deterministic attempts to trace clear causal influence between it and the base is problematic, which seems to be the driving influence in their reformulation of the concept of determination, yet the desire to maintain the primacy of the base is pa radoxical in that it undermines the acknowledgement of a complex, autonomous superstructure by yet again suppressing its autonomy through simple notions of economic practise. This is merely sidestepping the issue and is a fragile (Hirst, On Law and Ideology, London 1979, pp. 75-95) attempt to rescue Marx. If we accept the argument that economic determinism is reductionist, then the circular and reciprocal interpretation may be said to be only partially less simplistic. A second significant problem with the base/superstructure distinction is the inability to theoretically separate the base from the superstructure, and the inferiority of the term relations of production to describe clearly what it is that constitutes the base. If it is unfeasible to overcome these problems, any proposed interpretation of the base and superstructure relationship ought to fail. The debate between G. A. Cohen and John Plamenatz is a useful way of navigating these difficulties. Cohen is a proponent of a functional understanding of the base/superstructure relationship. The argument develops from the idea that the superstructure is constructed as a result of its function, which is to maintain the base. The existence of the superstructure is therefore dependent on its ability to develop social norms and practises that are conducive to the base and provide social stability. As part of this interpretation, Cohen seeks to overcome what he calls the problem of legality, which i s a reassertion of one of the criticisms put forward by John Plamenatz (Karl Marxs Theory of History p.235). As Plamenatz (man and society) notes, detailed analysis of the relations of production reveals that the relations are essentially legal in nature, making the base indistinguishable from the superstructure since the superstructure is supposedly the dominion of legality. Similarly, since the base may only be described normatively, it is difficult to assert the sense in which it is separated from the superstructure, as is indicated by the spatial metaphor. Furthermore, Plamenatz identifies that relations of property are supposedly superstructural, yet have considerable influence over the workings and structure of the economic base. He also states that large sides of social life, such as religion or the sciences, cannot be shown to be derivative of the base. Cohens attempt to overcome this is through a reformulation of the base, an ambition which shares parallels with Williams, c entres on whether or not it is possible to arrive at a conception of the base which excluds any normative involvement from law, morality or politics. He therefore sought to purge the base of normative elements, or seek to identify a rechtsfrei economic structure (Lukes) Cohens non-normative base is built upon the distinction between relations of power, which can exist without superstructural interference, and relations of rights. However, Lukes finds his conception unconvincing. According to Lukes, power relations are based on social and moral senses of duty that must exist before power relations can be established. In summary of the debate Lukes proposes that Cohen fails through his inability to present reference to roles within his rechtsfrei that do not presuppose the existence of rights of some kind. For Lukes, then, there is no viable distinction between base and superstructure, rendering the metaphor useless, urging that it is high time that the distinction be consigned to the scrap heap. If we are to involve Williams urge to reconfigure our understanding of the base as a dynamic force, constantly occupied and defined by human activity, and not take the base as an abstract entity that is not necessarily defined by human action, then we must accept Lukes argument and the collapse of the distinction. Gramscis concept of hegemony and Lukacs of totality represent Marxist conceptions of society that are altogether more holistic and need not necessarily be interpreted in terms of a base and superstructure separation. For Gramsci, the sharp separation between the economic sphere and the political sphere was unsatisfactory, since social relations of civil society interpenetrate with the relations of production. (gramscis political thought p.30) He saw the superstructure as being divided into two parts, political society and civil society and argued that political society organises force, civil society is the organiser of consensus. (Canadian journal) Gramsci asserted that the bourgeoisie maintained control in society through ideology, rather than by economic or coercive means. The norms and values conducive to bourgeois control became entrenched as the limits of common sense of the working class, who were therefore distracted from revolution by falsely interpreting their exploitation a s a common good. Still, it is the bourgeois control of economic production that allows them to become the hegemonic class in civil society. Similarly, for Lukacs, the economist assumption that consciousness and ideology were determined by the economy could not be shown to be so, since crises that developed in the economic sphere were not reflected in the consciousness of individuals (Lukacs history and class consciousness 1923). Gramsci and Lukacs were both attempting to mend Marxism in the area in which they felt was most deficient. Economic determinism, for them, did not privilege an understanding of the vast complexity of the superstructure, which as the realm of consciousness and ideology was greatly important to the cause of initiating historic change. As a model, beyond simply calling this relation dialecticalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it was deficient in examining the multiple ways in which culture and politics or the state produce ideology, authority and power (beyond Marxism and post modernism) They therefore attempted to challenge bourgeois dominance through means that were not strictly economic. While it is more accurate to suggest that the complexity of the superstructure should not be underestimated, in Gramsci and Lukacs ambition to loosen the rigid nature of orthodox Marxism through reformulation, what results is a similarly reductionist or one-dimensional view of society.( The Concept of Cultural Hegemony: Problems and Possibilities T. J. Jackson Lears p.569) A total, holistic view of society will always by nature be insufficient to deeply analyse the variation and complexity of culture, particularly if one seeks to study it through the rather narrow lens of historical materialism, with its association with cause and effect history that has yet to manifest itself. The economic determinism present in the orthodox Marxist interpretation of the relationship between base and superstructure is a problem that is difficult to evade. In attempting to do so most neo reformulations seem hampered in some way, as they seek to transcend the oversimplified nature of the linear perspective but never quite manage to explain or predict the complexity of cultural processes and institutions. The circular interpretation of the relationship is admittedly more attractive than the basic understanding, yet crucially still denies the superstructure the complexity and autonomy that it must be said to have. The work of Gramsci and Lukacs is a significant step forward towards a theory of complexity but is still hampered by the simplicity of seeking to define culture and society through holistic, all-encompassing terms. All formulations seem crude in that they either imply a causal influence strong enough to suggest that the superstructure is mechanically reproduced by th e base, or a causal influence that is not strong enough to strictly retain Marxs original meaning. To overcome this by speaking in terms of the convenience or usefulness of the metaphor as an analytical device seems dangerous to the integrity of the conclusions that may be drawn from it, since it repeatedly has not and cannot stand up to detailed analysis. What should be sought is a view of culture that analyses it without having to refer to a specific agenda, economic or otherwise. It is only by viewing culture on its own terms that we may we hope to go some way to dealing with its complexity.

I.T and Hauhaus Essay

As they are the competitor within the market, the retailing strategies to be used are similar. Therefore, it is easier to collect and compare the financial data and draw out the conclusion to see which company would be worthier to invest. The report covers the company and industry background, ratio analysis, future forecast of two companies’ performance. 2)Company Background Bauhaus (0483, HK) Bauhaus was found in 1991. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005. There are more than 200 retails store and over corners and point of sales in Hong Kong, Macau ,mainland China and Taiwan,. Apart from selling different foreign brand, liked Cheap Monday, G-Star, EVISU etc, Bauhaus also building the local brand liked Salad, T Tough Jeansmith and 80/20. It is a leading retail store in selling casual wear, especially for jeans item. There are 234 Bauhaus shops in Asia. Using the wholesale strategy, Bauhaus can expand the business from Asia to Western country. In the future, it may diversify its product line like launch more foreign brand to increase its competiveness. I. T (0999, HK) I. T was found in November of 1988. It has been listed on HKEX stock market since 2005. The Group has an extensive self managed retail network extending to nearly 450 stores across Greater China with staff around 4,800. The brands are well accepted in Thailand, Saudi Arabia, Australia, the Philippines and France. More stores will be opened in these places in the future. The feature of I. T retail store is group several brands in a sizable retail location. It owns a number of in-house brands liked 5CM, fingercroxx and X-large, as well as distributing European and Japanese designer’s brands such as French Connection and A Bathing Ape Comme des Garcons, D&G, etc. 3)Industry Outlook Hong Kong is one of the fashion hubs in Asia. There are a wind variety of local and international fashion brand locate there flagship store in Hong Kong. The competitive is dynamic and incentive. Hong Kong consumers are willing to spend money on fashion and clothing. As the purchasing power of is high, so the demand of fashion product is huge. According to CIA THE WORLD FACTBOOK, this entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. From this result, Hong Kong is ranking to 37 after compared to 227 countries in the year of 2010. According to the information from Asia Case Research Centre (ACRC), it shows that retail is the 2nd largest sector in the service industry that accounted for 85. 7% of Hong Kong’s GDP. Also, The Census and Statistics Department (C;SD) indicate that the value of total retail sales in October 2011, provisionally estimated at $34. 2 billion, increased by 23. 1% over a year earlier. Analyzed by broad type of retail outlet and comparing October 2011 with October 2010, wearing apparel increase 14. 6%; footwear, allied products and other clothing accessories increase 11. 3%. This data proofs that the demand of fashion items is huge and purchasing power in this region is relatively high. Besides, tourists come to Hong Kong are increasing each year; they bring with high purchase power in fashion items, especially those Chinese tourists. According to the statistics released by the Immigration Department, about 800,000 to 900,000 Mainland visitors travel to Hong Kong monthly. It shows that Hong Kong’s market has a huge potential development chance. According the data of Hong Kong government, the sales revenue of retailing business has a growth during April of 20010 to Feb of 2011. It is because the economic environment is better than past year. Hong Kong’s GDP fell in 2009 as a result of the global financial crisis, but a recovery began in third quarter 2009, and the economy grew nearly 6. 8% in 2010. In addition, China’s economy growth fast, the performance of its economy growth is greater than the other country. And Hong Kong’s economy is influenced by China very much. In the future, we can see that Hong Kong’s retailing business will growth rapidly. It seems a great chance to develop the retail business; however, there are some risks on the growth of fashion retail business in Hong Kong. Nowadays, Globalization is a hot topic of the world, more and more foreign brands enter in Hong Kong market, such as GAP, Forever 21, Zara, H&M and Monki, etc which provide good price and trendy design merchandises. They regarded Hong Kong as the stepping stones to go into the China market. With more branding in Hong Kong, the competition between them is becoming more intensive and serious. Therefore, the local fashion retailers have to build up their competitive advantages to withstand the impact from those foreign brands. Also, because of the inflation of Hong Kong and China, the cost of the materials, labor and transportation is getting higher. Garment manufacturing is a labor intensive activity. The cost of garment is mainly from the increasing labor cost and transportation cost. In order to deal with, the retailer probably need to order more amount of quantity each time to achieve the economy of scale, so the cost will be lower. Furthermore, as we know that Hong Kong’s rental price of shop is the first three expensive in the world. The rental price has been increasing rapidly in the recent years. From 2010 to 2011, the rental price was increased more than ten percent. So, rental price of the store is a core cost of any business, especially fashion retailer as it needs a large space for displaying and storing the products. The rental cost affects the profit of the fashion retailers. To conclude, Hong Kong fashion retail market is still positive. There are many great opportunity for Hong Kong fashion retail to expand its business. However, there are some uncertainty need to be pay attention, such as the entrance of foreign brands and the unstable rental cost. So, the local fashion industry needs to create a competitive strategy to deal with. For example, local fashion retailers can use the attractive marketing strategy, liked collaboration with other brands, provide excellent customer services and building great brand image. 4)Ratio analysis i) Test for profitability I. T (in HKD 000)Bauhaus (in HKD 000)* a)Return on Equity (Net income / Average stockholders’ equity)416945/[(1843212+1477723)/2] =25. 1%25. 1% b)Profit margins (Net income/ Net Sales)416945/3834422 =10. 9%11. 4% ii)Test for liquidity I. TBauhaus c)Current Ratio Current Asset/ Current liabilities1873282/1012495 1. 85%3. 3 d)Quick Ratio (Current Assets- Inventory)/ Current liabilities(1873282-736717)/1012495 =1. 1%1. 7 e)Inventory Turnover Cost of goods sold/ Average Inventory1405482/[(736717+394520)/2] 2. 52. 0 iii)Test for Solvency and equity position I. TBauhaus f)Debt/Equity Ratio Total liabilities/ Total stockholders’ equity(1012495+429852)/1843282 0. 78(149 7+126461)/494938 0. 26 iv) Market test I. TBauhaus g)Price/Earnings ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share4. 88/0. 33 =14. 82. 98/0. 32 =9. 3 h)Dividend Yield Ratio Dividends per share/ Market price per share0. 146/4. 8 =3. 0%0. 177/2. 98 =5. 9% *Quote from annual report* Two financial reports announced in different date- Bauhaus- For the year ended 31 March 2011 I. T—for the year ended 28 February 2011 i )Test for Profitability Profitability is a primary measure of the overall success of the company. This is a class of ratios that are used to assess a business’s ability that generate earnings compared to its expenses and other relevant costs incurred. To determine rather the company is valuable for investing or not which need to get high profitability when compared with competitor’s company. However, in fashion industry, the sales revenue is seasonal. For example, the sales revenue is much higher during Christmas and Chinese New Year in Hong Kong. So, we should not compare the retailer’s fourth-quarter profit margin with the profit margin from the same period a year before because it would be far more informative. a)Returns on Equity This ratio indicating how much income was earned for every dollar invested by the stockholders. ROE can reflect if they have used the money that invested in the company to generate much more income. If the ROE is low, it shows that the returns of the investors will not be high. And the company doesn’t utilize the resources that they have invested. Two companies have a similar result of this ratio. Both two companies can generate about 20% of income using stockholders’ equity. It is because retail store is not very high investment to enter the market; it has higher ROE when compare to other industry liked Construction Company. In order to measure the company is worth to investing on; ROE ratio should not be lower than 15%. So, two companies are worth to invest on. b)Profit margin Profit margin is an indicator of a company’s pricing strategies and how well it controls costs. It is calculated by finding the net profit as a percentage of the revenue. A low profit margin indicates a low margin of safety: higher risk that a decline in sales will erase profits and result in a net loss, or a negative margin. The higher profit margin means that the company has a higher ability to generate profit. I. T’s result is 10. 9%, it is lower than Bauhaus 11. 4%. I. T should minimize the expense. Bauhaus has a higher profit margin in 2010/2011. It shows that they have put effort to maximize the profit. Since compared with last year (10. 5%), it has been increased. i) Test for liquidly It is a class of financial metrics that is used to determine a company’s ability to pay off its short-terms debts obligations. A company’s ability to turn short-term assets into cash to cover debts is of the utmost importance when creditors are seeking payment. Bankruptcy analysts frequently use the liquidity ratios to determine whether a company will be able to continu e as a going concern. c) Current ratio This ratio measures the ability of the company to pay current debts as they become due. It is the important ratio that we can identify if the company has a good cash flow. If the debts recalled but the company does not have enough money to pay it, the company may be asked to bankrupt. On the other hand, current ratio should be in appropriate level. Ratio is too high means the company did not fully utilize the current assets to generate the profit. Bauhaus have a higher current ratio than I. T, it means Bauhaus’ ability of returning the debts is greater than I. T. It can more utilize current assets to generate more income. It shows that they have $3. 3current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. Investor need to concern the ability of a company that utilizes the current asset. I. T has a lower Current ratio than Bauhaus. However, it is enough ability for them to returning the current liabilities when they are recalled. And it shows that I. T has better utilization of the assets to generate profit. It shows that they have $1. 85 current assets for returning $1 of current liabilities. d) Quick Ratio Quick Ratio is similar with the current ratio with no consideration on the inventory factor. It is more representatives to measuring rather the company can return the current liabilities immediately. The quick assets included Cash, Accounts receivable etc. These assets can return into cash in short time. Inventory will not be counted in this ratio as it may need longer time to return into cash and a risk of cannot be sold. It is a very important ratio for fashion industry, since the trends cycle of clothing is fast, the product may be in today, but out day tomorrow. So, fashion retailer should not keep too many inventories. Bauhaus have a higher in Quick ratio, however, compared with the current ratio, it is a great variation on two ratios. It means that the inventory tied up its current assets. It is not a good issue on a fashion company. They need to bare the risk on high discount of the product when the product is outdated. It will be high losses on the revenue. They can minimize the inventory through different method, liked big sale, buy one get one free and so on. Although the quick ratio f I. T is lower than Bauhaus, it is enough to returning the debts when all the current debts are recalled. e) Inventory Turnover This ratio measure how quick of a company sells their inventory. Higher inventory turnover lead to shorter cycle on inventory. Since inventory is not easily being sold out and transform into cash in a short period, fashion retailer should not hold too much inventory. Since fashion items are easily faded out. If the company store too much stock, the risk of the inventory cannot be sold out will be increase. Also, the expenses of storing will be occurred. Once the inventory is outdated, the company needs to sell it in a large mark down price. The profit of the company will be affected Since Bauhaus have a lower level on inventory, its inventory turnover will much slower than I. T. It may tie up the capital if the inventory cannot be sold. So, company should reduce the level of inventory. I. T has a greater performance on inventory turnover. It shows that they have shorter cycle on inventory. So that it is much easier transforming inventory into cash. iii) Test for Solvency and equity position It’s a set of ratio that to test the company can be able to meet it long-term repayment responsibility. It provides a measurement of company can continue to meet its debt obligations. f) Debt/ equity Ratio This ratio measure a company’s financial leverage calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders’ equity. It indicates what proportion of equity and debt the company is using to finance its assets. I. T’s result is 0. 33, shows that $0. 33 liabilities that exists for each $1 invested by the owners. It is a very low value. Bauhaus’s result is 0. 21, which is lower than I. T. In the Balance Sheet, we can find out that Bauhaus did not ask for the long term debts from the third party. It shows that they don’t have the interest burden. The result shows that two companies is not using the debt financing to acquire the financial resources, liked selling bonds, bills or notes to the investors. Debt financing is much higher risk than equity financing. As these two companies is listed company, they would like use the equity financing to raise money. And the equity financing method is more safety and no regular interest burden. v) Market Test Market test relate the current market price of share of stock to an indicator of the return that might accrue to the investor. It based on the share market’s perception of the company. It can let the investor to know if the company is worth to invest. g) PE Ratio Current Market Price per Share/ Earning per Share This ratio measur e the relationship between the current market price of the stock and its earnings per share. The higher the ratio, the higher the perceived quality of the earnings by the share market. It also shows the future growth of company. If the P/E ratio is too high, it means that the value of the company is overstated. And it is not a good choice to investing on that company. I. T have a higher PE ratio than Bauhaus it means that the quality of the earnings by the share market is higher. It is more worth to invest h) Dividends Yield ratio This ratio measures the dividend-paying performance of different investment alternatives. The higher of result, the better performance. Bauhaus have a higher result, it shows that they have higher dividend-paying performance. If the investor wants to put the money into low risk and long term investment. They can choose this company. 5)Limitation on analyses of ratio Since two financial reports is announce in different ended date. The result may not be accurate. The fashion retail industry turnover is seasonal, like The Chinese New Year of 2011 was in February so the sales turnover must be high in that moment. After that, the turnover will be drop. So, these two companies will in different sales turnover rate. 6)Forecast of the company’s future prospects This part can be divided in to two parts, the 5 years income statement analysis and potential risk of the company. a)I. T The diagram shows that turnover have been increased gradually during 2007 to 2011. Although 2008-2009’s local economy is in down turn, the company still can strive to increase of turnover. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment since the economy situation is recovering and the local residents will spend more money on clothing items. The diagram shows that I. T had undergone a decrease on profit in year 2009 due the poor economy situation. And they suffered decrease of financial income. And the operating expense was higher than 2008. After 2009, there was a great improvement on profit. It has six times more profit comparing during 2010and nine times during 2011. It is predict that the company will probably maintain the increment of the profit if it can keep the level of expenses. However, there are some risks have been raised. The operating cost is increasing during these 5 years. Since the rental price is much higher in the recent years. They should adapt different strategy in order to keep the cost in the low level. Another risk is that I. T needs to pay attention that is the exchange issue. Since I. T sources many merchandises from different countries and the foreign exchange is unstable. For example, Japan YEN is much higher exchange rate. However, I. T’s buying office purchase many Japanese fashion brand products. So the cost and price of the merchandises will be impacted by the exchange rate. To deal with risk management, I. T embed a risk alert culture throughout the Group, the Internal Audit Department has implemented an annual internal control risk self-assessment to allow major business units to identify and analyze the risks underlying the achievement of business objectives and to determine a basis for how such identified risks to be managed and mitigated. In the coming future, I. T should pay more attention on risk management in order to prevent suffering from the economy situation and to have a greater growth. Bauhaus Bauhaus also have a gradual increase of turnover during 2007-2011. The increment from 2009 to 2010 was slowly. It may because of the economy situation was still not recovered yet. However, there was a sharply increment from 2010 to 2011. It is predict that, the turnover will be increased faster. Bauhaus also suffered a decrease of financial income in 2009. After 2009, there was an improvement on profit growth. However, the improvement is less than I. T. The diagram shows that the profit properly tends to be increased. Bauhaus also face the foreign currency risk and operation cost increment risk. The Group continuously monitors its foreign exchange position and, when necessary, will hedge foreign exchange exposure arising from contractual commitments in sourcing apparel from overseas suppliers. Generally, the Group introduces conservative strategies on its financial risk management. In the future, Bauhaus will have a great growth. However, in the fashion business market, the information is run fast, the risk is always happen. The company should build up a risk management system to minimize the risk of company operation. 7)Conclusion The financial performance of both Bauhaus and I. T compared in this report is great. And the prediction of their future growth is positive. Thereby, two companies are worth to be invested. The above ratios show that Bauhaus have a better performance than I. T. For the investor that can undergo low risk, so the investment on Bauhaus is more preferable. It is because the company growth and financial debt position is better, and it has a higher dividend yield, and they keep on paying the dividends in last 5 years. For the investor who wants to have higher return, I. T will be a good choice. It is because the PE ratio is lower, so the company still has a great improvement and the share price probably being increased. It’s good for the investor that purchasing the stock in low price and then sold them in higher price.